S. Hilary Koprowski, Who Developed First Live-Virus Polio Vaccine, Dies at 96. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and. First developed in the late 1920s, the iron lung was a large tube-shaped negative pressure ventilator which contained the whole body, except the head, and helped a patient breathe. The resulting vaccines, nOPV1 and nOPV3, effectively prevented polio in animal models. There are, however, significant differences in the way each. hide this ad. Thanks to vaccines developed in the 1950s and 1960s, polio—which spreads via person-to-person contact—was officially considered eliminated in North America in 1994, according to the Mayo Clinic. 1. Developer of the polio vaccine Word Ladder: AMC Zombie Franchise 83%. , on April 11, 1955. Salk and his team developed the first vaccine against polio more. Since the start of the pandemic, cases of both wild and vaccine-derived polio have risen around the world. Crossword Clue. Type 2 wild viruses had been eradicated, and declining polio vaccine coverage in some parts of the world was actually spurring development of type 2 vaccine virus transmission chains. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. Explore more. "In the early 1950s, before polio vaccines were available, polio outbreaks caused more than 15,000 cases of paralysis. Hilary Koprowski, a pioneering virologist who developed the first successful oral vaccination for polio, died Thursday, April 11. The World Health Organization says a new polio outbreak in Sudan is linked to an ongoing vaccine-sparked epidemic in Chad - a week after the U. polio vacine developer Crossword Clue. 68%. Discover the two distinct vaccines — developed by Dr. Enter a Crossword Clue. Aug 16, 2023DRSALK, JONAS By CrosswordSolver IO. Vials of a polio vaccine made by Cutter Laboratories in 1955. . , until. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. hide this ad. For the word puzzle clue of jonas who created the polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. 25 results for "polio vaccine developer jonas". READ ALSO: Kind woman helps man who has been. Polio Sabin Crossword Clue. )Jonas Who Created The Polio Vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. In 1957, it was cut by another two-thirds. Distribution of polio in United States, 1910. 9 lakh persons in India developed paralysis between 2000 and 2017 because of oral polio vaccine (OPV), say leading doctors in two reputed hospitals here. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine Inventor Jonas ____. Dr. The family. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. and feared, because it caused paralysis and could be deadly. fatigue (tiredness) headache. A massive clinical trial of a promising new vaccine against polio ended on this day in 1955. # of Letters or Pattern. The first effective polio vaccines emerged in the 1950s, kicking off. ALBERT SABIN. 25 results for "polio vaccine developer jonas". Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Person Who Developed The Polio Vaccine. 1953. . Still, companies with nasal vaccines in the pipeline are forging ahead. The paralysis can be lifelong, and it can be deadly. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine transformed America and the world in ways that seemed unimaginable. ANSWER CLUE QUIZ 98% SABIN-SALK Polio vaccine developers Alphabetically Paired Names II 96% ALBERT SABIN Polio vaccine developer [S] Famous UC Alumni 96%. Jonas Salk’s vaccine helped wipe polio from most of the world, something that many people hope will happen with the coronavirus vaccine. In Vienna, Karl Landsteiner, MD (1868-1943), and Erwin Popper, MD (1879-1955), announced that the infectious agent in polio was a virus. This meant that a vaccine designed to raise antibody levels in the bloodstream might be able to neutralize the poliovirus before serious harm was done. The immediate goal of the. UNICEF helps vaccinate over 400 million children globally against polio every year. 25 results for "polio vaccine developer s". It was the first vaccine to be authorized under Emergency Use Listing. Once the development was made public, nearly two million children participated in field trails. The Crossword Solver found answers to Polio vaccine developer crossword clue. By John Bach Email John Email John 513-556-2019. By the fall of 1980, the vaccination rate among kids enrolling in school was 96% for measles, rubella and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis; 95% for polio; and 92% for mumps. Vaccine-derived polio has become more prevalent because the oral vaccine in use now protects against only Types 1 and 3 of the virus. In addition, Frenck has been working on vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes norovirus vaccines, Shigella vaccines, and E. on March 21, 1963, a five-year-old girl in Philadelphia woke her father, Dr. By the end of the year, a program of childhood vaccination had started in the U. JONAS SALK. SPORCLE PUZZLE REFERENCE Polio Vaccine Developer Crossword Clue For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following. nOPV2 is a safer oral polio vaccine, but it’s still an oral polio vaccine, chock-full of active viral particles. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Vaccines have been wildly successful in taming killers like polio and measles, but some require boosters to stay effective. In 1955, American scientist Jonas Salk developed an injectable vaccine using dead poliovirus. To eliminate polio completely, every child in every household must be vaccinated. Invented The Polio Vaccine. Polio vaccine, preparation of poliovirus given to prevent polio, an infectious disease of the nervous system. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. At the height of the biggest-ever outbreak, in 1952, almost 60,000 cases with more than 3,000 deaths were reported in. S. Using data from outbreaks of this circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus, researchers at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and Tel-Aviv University, in. You can easily improve your search by. 25 results for "inactivated polio vaccine". Micro Head/Neck 37%. hide this ad. On March 19, 2020, as Covid-19 swept across the world, Bourla challenged everyone at Pfizer and its partner BioNTech—a German company focused on cancer. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine inventor jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Albert Sabin — that stopped its spread. Dirk Sostman, executive vice president and chief academic officer of Houston. , the CDC reports. Gene Smith/AP. Koprowski developed a live virus vaccine first, but Sabin’s gained favor in the U. O. S. Jonas Salk, medical researcher and developer of the polio vaccine, talks with CBS Radio in 1954. Prasad. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. SALK Jonas ____, inventor of the polio vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. For the word puzzle clue of inactivated polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Albert Sabin. See examples of SALK used in a sentence. A non-profit might be our best bet now given skepticism. hide this ad. They get shots at 2 months, 4 months, a third shot between ages 6 and 18 months, and the fourth shot is due sometime between ages 4 and. Save. Yet the annual. The following year, 1953, Salk and his associates developed a potentially safe, injectable polio vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and. The March of Dimes won public trust for the polio vaccine. Jonas Salk developed his inactivated polio vaccine by growing the virus in monkey kidney cells, then killing the virus with formalin. March 23, 2021. Enter a Crossword Clue. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "polo vaccine developer", 7 letters crossword clue. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative issued an urgent call for the development of a monovalent product to boost immunogenicity, and in 2005, a new monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine with. It is known as nOPV2, short for novel oral polio vaccine type 2. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. A new oral polio vaccine, the first in decades, has been developed to combat the type 2 vaccine-derived viruses. Crossword Clue. For the word puzzle clue of developer of the oral polio vaccine albert _____, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. He observed that milkmaids who previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that inoculated vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus. Andino is hopeful they will be incorporated into bivalent. General Knowledge Crossword XXXIII. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The global eradication effort initially used a strategy of. Rabindra Abeyasinghe, a World Health Organization representative in the Philippines, has noted how coverage for three doses of the oral polio vaccine administered to children younger than one year of age dropped from 71% in 2017 to 68% in 2018, the lowest in the past five years. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. Dr. For one thing, it was complicated, requiring three shots to. Monkeys, viruses, and vaccines. It was Jonas Salk’s injectable vaccine, not the first ever polio vaccine. These three vaccines were combined into the MMR vaccine by Dr. Vaccine-derived polio has become more prevalent because the oral vaccine in use now protects against only Types 1 and 3 of the virus. (Los Angeles Times) Sept. On April 12, 1955, it was announced that Jonas Salk, using March of Dimes donations from. Jonas Salk, the 40-year-old scientist who developed the polio vaccine that bears his name. 25 results for "developed the. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. hide this ad. 23, 1954, children from the Arsenal Elementary School in Pittsburgh received injections of Dr. The vaccine dropped polio paralysis cases in the U. The world has spent billions of dollars over the last 15 years in an effort to wipe out the virus through vaccination efforts – with encouraging results. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Finally, after a long history of losing to the deadly virus, news of successful trials were announced on April 12, 1955; the 10th anniversary of. 30 (wild) + 856 (vaccine-derived) in 2022 [4] Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Polio epidemics hit parts of the country in waves from the 1920s to the 1950s, peaking with a particularly bad year in 1953 with 9,000 cases and 500 deaths nationally. Polio vaccine has been available since 1955. Usually, these polio symptoms will go away on their own in a couple of days. Inactivated polio vaccine Category Crossword (Just For Fun V) 56%. S. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "polio vaccina DEVELOPER", 7 letters crossword clue. The 11 studies related to COVID-19 include vaccines developed by Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Moderna and CyanVac. RR. In 1955, some batches of polio vaccine given to the public contained live polio virus. Canada experienced its first localized polio outbreaks in the 1910s. Polio was known for crippling and paralyzing people, killing nearly 2,000 people yearly from 1951 to. SALK. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "polio vaccine developer", 6 letters crossword clue. Through striking black-and-white images and rich color photographs, readers will learn about Salk?s family background, childhood, education, groundbreaking research, and creation of the polio vaccine. With that sip, Koprowski, a virologist who died April 11 at age 96, inoculated himself against polio, years before the vaccines of Jonas Salk and. Crossword Clue. Maurice Hilleman, complaining of a sore throat. Support Sporcle. OshinskyOxford University Press, 2005, $30. Inactivated Polio Vaccine. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Albert who developed a polio vaccine", 5 letters crossword clue. Within days there were reports of paralysis and within a month the first mass vaccination programme against polio had to be abandoned. Popper and Landsteiner deduced the viral nature of polio by carefully filtering preparations of spinal cord fluid from a person who had died of polio. New vaccines are being developed all of the time. It was developed in 1961. Words Ending in Alk 51%. In 1954, the inactivated vaccine was tested in a placebo-controlled trial, which enrolled 1. The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed. Once a disease feared worldwide, polio is nearing eradication with only three countries remaining that have never interrupted wild poliovirus (WPV) transmission 1,2. It was Jonas Salk’s injectable vaccine, not the first ever polio vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. By 1979, polio had been completely eradicated in the developed world. Of those paralyzed, 5% to 10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. From 1952–1955, the first effective polio vaccine is developed by Jonas Salk and trials begin. 8 million American children lined up for the prick in the arm that changed history. 2 Physicians who developed polio vaccines (one injected, one oral) US History by the Numbers. The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Albert who developed a polio vaccine", 5 letters crossword clue. It can be given at the same time as other vaccines. Because the strains developed by Sabin provided good antibody levels and were less neurotropic for monkeys, they. Find the latest crossword clues from New York Times Crosswords, LA Times Crosswords and many more. The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) was available first, given as a shot, in 1955. Salk Legacy Returning to Pittsburgh 70 Years After Polio Vaccine Creation. Both were successful and today there are two forms of the vaccine: the inactivated polio vaccine , which is administered by the parenteral route, and the live attenuated vaccine, which is administered orally and hence is known as the oral polio vaccine (OPV). polio vaccine inventor: crossword clues . In a statement Wednesday, Sept. While the original polio strains, called wildtype, have largely been eliminated, new strains can develop from the oral polio vaccine (OPV), which is the one most used in the developing world. Maurice Hilleman in 1971. Sabin, the pioneering researcher on viruses and viral diseases who developed the vaccine that is the main defense against polio in the United States and much of the rest of the world, died yesterday at Georgetown University Medical Center in Washington. The Sabin vaccine consisted of a weakened form of the polio virus that stimulated an immune. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine. Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV) 2 months: A second at 4 months, a third at 6–18 months, a fourth at 4-6 years: Influenza:. It was the first vaccine to be authorized under Emergency Use. In 1955, Jonas Salk announced the development of a polio vaccine in the midst of a huge epidemic. Word Ladder: Duke Ellington Hits 63%. The COVID-19. By Margalit Fox. For the word puzzle clue of polio vaccine developer jonas ____, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Dr. Polio vaccine discoverer Jonas. However, in the 20th century, it became possible to develop vaccines based on immunologic markers. Polio is an infectious disease, contracted predominantly by children, that can lead to the permanent paralysis of various body parts and can ultimately cause death by immobilizing the patient's breathing muscles. Polio vaccine developer Jonas. The attention recently paid to the story of Henrietta Lacks and her HeLa cell line following the publication of Rebecca Skloot’s highly acclaimed book, The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks, has highlighted the numerous scientific discoveries directly attributable to research utilizing this cell line. After completing high school, Jonas matriculated at the City College of New. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Both vaccines are highly effective against all three types of poliovirus. 92%. For the word puzzle clue of developed the first polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. hide this ad. For the word puzzle clue of he discovered and developed the first safe and effective polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. PITTSBURGH —. Jonas Salk, the American virologist whose development of a crucial polio vaccine in 1955 is widely credited with finally reining in the devastating spread of polio. This was perhaps one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. Crossword Clue. Crossword Clue. Of these countries, Nigeria has seen the most explosive growth in cases. In 1968, Hilleman produced a more attenuated measles vaccine derived from the virus isolated by John Enders in 1962, which is still used today. Dr. The vaccine itself was the result of years of tireless work by a researcher based at the University of Pittsburgh called Jonas Salk, whose 100 th birthday is being celebrated in a Google doodle. The W. In the years that followed, polio incidence in the United States fell from 18 to less than 2 cases per 100,000 people. We think the likely answer to this clue is SABIN. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. For the word puzzle clue of developer of the oral polio vaccine albert _____, the Sporcle Puzzle Library. This biography examines the remarkable life of Jonas Salk using easy-to-read, compelling text. Salk did not patent his vaccine. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. Polio vaccine developed. The meaning of SALK VACCINE is a polio vaccine that contains three serotypes of poliovirus inactivated by treatment with formaldehyde and is administered by intramuscular injection. For the word puzzle clue of american doctor who developed the polio vaccine jonas, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. On April 12, 1955, it was announced that Jonas Salk, using March of Dimes donations from millions of people, had developed a vaccine to prevent polio. This study presents the findings of existing studies regarding the barriers and facilitators that countries face when implementing polio interventions. In many countries, a combination of bivalent OPV (bOPV, types 1 and 3) and IPV (types. Crossword Clue: polio vaccine inventor. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. These symptoms usually go away on their own. 2 Physicians who developed polio vaccines (one injected, one oral) US History by the Numbers 39%. developer of the Salk vaccine, and Donald Shiley,. 12, 1955 the results of the Salk vaccine trials showed the vaccine was 80-90% effective and the US government licensed the IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) vaccine. coli vaccine. Explore more crossword clues and. Myron Cohen, the director of UNC’s Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, said people were far less hesitant to get the polio vaccine when it was developed and introduced in 1955. 1. Jonas E. Jonas Salk Develops Polio Vaccination Crossword Clue. John Lucas, a. In 1953, less than two years after he became interested in the challenging problems. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic. In addition to interruptions of vaccination campaigns and immunization activities by the COVID-19 pandemic. A young Charlotte D. alone were paralyzed by polio each year. The strongest proof of the nature of the polio disease is the effectiveness of the vaccine developed for it. To. Crossword Clue. Enter the length or pattern for. Who Was The Inventor Of The Polio Vaccine Crossword Clue For the word puzzle clue of who was the inventor of the polio vaccine , the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the. nausea and vomiting. Sort by Length. The same year, the federal government licensed production of a. Our crossword solver found 10 results for the crossword clue "polio vaccine inventor". 6. Polio (sabin) Vaccine classes 75%. In April, the U. Now viruses. Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine that forever intertwined the history of Tuskegee University to the noteworthy history of the HeLa cell. A more convenient form, called oral polio vaccine (OPV), was given as liquid drops via the mouth. Location to give rabies vaccine. Dr. Medical Mythmaking Splendid Solution:Jonas Salk and the Conquest of PolioBy Jeffrey KlugerPutnam, 2004, $25. , the CDC reports. You can easily improve. There are two polio vaccines widely used today. It tasted, he later said, like cod liver oil. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. The tragic story of a Canadian vaccine trailblazer. Now, scientists have mapped out a series of mutations that might explain how some cases of vaccine-derived polio can arise, according to a study published today (March 23) in Cell. It had to be injected, an obstacle to immunization campaigns in. Enter a Crossword Clue. This article is a response to ‘The case for the oral polio vaccine in the world’s quest for eradication’, July 21, 2023, by Vipin M. Setting off a series of concentrated vaccination campaigns in the country and abroad, the announcement sowed the seeds for a polio-free future. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. Global Polio Eradication. That reduction is entirely due to the vaccine — and to the organizations, doctors, and parents who saw to it that kids were vaccinated. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. In April 1954, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis began vaccinating the 1. The first polio vaccine, developed by Dr. SCHMECK Jr. One is Salk's killed vaccine; the other is a live-attenuated vaccine first developed by Albert Sabin. Crossword Clue. The first major polio epidemic in the United States hit Vermont in 1894 with 132 cases. Dr. Jonas Salk was born in New York City, New York, United States (US), to an Orthodox Polish-Jewish immigrant family on 28 October 1914. But in 1955, there was a moment when everything was in doubt. Enter the length or pattern for better results. In 1955 the vaccine, developed by a man named Jonas Salk, was launched. Crossword Clue. In addition, Frenck has been working on vaccines for bacterial and viral diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes norovirus vaccines, Shigella vaccines, and E. Best answers for Polio Vaccine: SALK, DRSALK, SABIN ALBERT SABIN. Jonas Salk. Invented The Polio Vaccine. A vaccine has been developed to manage the mutated variety. Crossword Solver | Dictionary. For the word puzzle clue of american developer of the first safe and effective polio vaccine introduced 1955, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Crossword Clue. Before the vaccine came, polio infection was a dreaded specter. FILE - This Feb. On Feb. Hilleman and his team using WI-38 cells developed the majority of the 14 vaccines currently recommended for childhood routine immunization and led in the development of other vaccines. Inactivated Polio Vaccine Crossword Clue. The world’s largest company devoted exclusively to research and manufacture of vaccines has discontinued production of their Poliovax vaccine, which is. Further testing of the virus isolated from the girl revealed. This article is a response to ‘Unethical to continue using polio-causing oral polio vaccines ’, July 15, 2023, by R. Crossword Clue. Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a crippling and potentially deadly infectious disease caused by a virus that spreads from person to person invading the brain and spinal cord which can lead to paralysis. You can easily improve your search by specifying the number of letters in the answer. About 16,000 cases of polio (paralytic poliomyelitis) occurred each year in the U. For the word puzzle clue of salk vaccine developer, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. LIVE ATTENUATED. Eventually, Sabin's vaccine would be approved for use in the United. Crossword Clue. Polio vaccine has been available since 1955. For the word puzzle clue of jonas salk develops vaccine for polio, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Polio vaccine developer Jonas. JONASSILK. 30 (wild) + 856 (vaccine-derived) in 2022 [4] Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. It was the most feared disease of the 20th century. The nOPV2 polio vaccine has been administered to more than 650 million children across 30 countries. Polio vaccine developer/739905 Crossword Clue. Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disabling and life-threatening disease caused by the poliovirus. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. 25 results for "discoverer of first successful polio vaccine". The original goal was to completely eradicate polio by the year 2000 - but delivering vaccines to some of the poorest and most conflict-ridden parts of the world has been a challenge. We found more than 1 answers for Developer Of Polio Vaccine. We found 20 possible solutions for this clue. S. However, this method was inefficient, and mice were not a sterile medium. The most likely crossword and word puzzle answers for the clue of Vaccine Inventor Jonas ____. Onesimus, an enslaved African man, introduced the concept of variolation (a primitive method of immunizing against variola. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword. For the word puzzle clue of discoverer of the first safe polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Explore more crossword clues and answers by clicking on the results or quizzes. hide this ad. For the word puzzle clue of developed the polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. For the word puzzle clue of he developed the first successful polio vaccine, the Sporcle Puzzle Library found the following results. Poliomyelitis, or polio is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus, which affects your spinal cord and brainstem. Albert Bruce Sabin ( / ˈseɪbɪn / SAY-bin; August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish-American medical researcher, best known for developing the oral polio vaccine, which has played a key role in nearly eradicating the disease. In April 1955 more than 200 000 children in five Western and mid-Western USA states received a polio vaccine in which the process of inactivating the live virus proved to be defective. Even after thousands of kids got sick from the first polio vaccine in 1955, when the program restarted, parents made sure their children got vaccinated. In 1956, the year after the Salk vaccine was approved and began being used, the polio case total in the United States was cut nearly in half, to 15,140. The stories of children who participated in polio vaccine tests became a constant in media coverage, appearing alongside warnings and debates. The Sabin oral polio vaccine was put into widespread use in the U. nOPV2 is a novel oral poliomyelitis (polio) vaccine type 2 (nOPV2) which was developed to address the evolving risk of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2). On Friday, Pitt's School of Public Health unveiled a new exhibit dedicated to the life and work of Dr. Pain in the arms and legs. Both IPV and OPV are used globally and both protect individuals. Polio is an infectious disease, contracted predominantly by children, that can lead to the permanent paralysis of various body parts and can ultimately cause death by immobilizing the patient's breathing muscles. In 1918, the Vaccine Institute in Pairs developed freeze-dried vacuum smallpox vaccines that were to be used in the tropical French colonies. Biggest polio threat in years sparks alarms from New York to California. S. Jonas Salk and Dr.